Charlotte DUPUY: The coronavirus pandemic is one more excuse to keep our heads firmly buried in the sand over the climate crisis... We need to realize that if the planet is dangerously warming up, it's mostly due to us! Teenagers do not want the world to fall apart; we've only just got here! But, like our parents, we lack reasoning and we stay passive; what's the point of going to school if there is no future?! Of course, common sense dictates that we need to learn in order to be able to understand the situation better and so be able to find real solutions to the climate crisis. Apparently, we lack common sense (normal for youth, less so for adults, surely?). Scientists give us a frank and concrete insight into reality; they want to make us react; but, who understands scientists? We tend to listen more to the media; but, they tend to confuse us, even scare us, right? And governments, unable to cope with the scale of the problem, keep putting things off; do you trust our leaders? It is not surprising we continue to be confused, worried and having to rely on ourselves. In this context, we would have to go through something devastating, that would affect us personally and that would have a deplorable impact on our lives, to, perhaps, make us react. We stay stuck in the rut of our daily routine, however damaging to our environment and wellbeing that may be, because it gives us a sense of (false!) security; we tend to believe that disaster only strikes others! No, our psychological barriers to climate action will fall only when we have a knife under our throats; but by then, it will be too late...
Emile VOISSIER: I think most people are unable to change their habits, even for “climate action” (which means choosing to do things like driving electric rather than diesel cars). Humans are all a bit selfish and we do not like to change our way of life, and many are convinced that change is not effective if only a few people change. Also, not everyone can afford to do so (an electric car is expensive, so is organic food). It might be possible to overcome our psychological barriers if we have a good leader who thinks about ecology and inspires trust; we would then feel that change is legitimate and we would be encouraged to adopt habits that are good for us and our environment. We like things that are easy to understand, so we need simple rules in order to help us overcome our psychological barriers; we do not like to do things that we have not done before or that we are not sure about. To conclude, I think that for the while it is impossible to be committed to climate change because we lack community spirit. I hope that one day, our mentality will change. However, it will change only if there are more and more people who get involved in climate action... Perhaps we, young people, should lead by example?
Emma FERTIN: What and who is causing the climate change? What can we do to make people react and act to make it stop? Is it possible to overcome our psychological barriers to climate action? Back in the 19th century, men started massively exploiting the natural resources to become rich. They did not consider the future generations. Today we have to face the consequences of their greed. We are overexploiting the resources of the planet. Pollution from industry, transport, agriculture, is causing pollution and global warming. Soon, there will be no more petrol and we will be without electricity (except those who have access to renewable energy). The people who have so far been relatively spared the consequences of the climate crisis are not reacting because they don’t realize or care about what is really happening on Earth. The ice cap is melting because the temperatures are rising and so the Inuit are forced to move and soon, all the polar bears will become extinct. In Australia, the bushfires have been ravaging entire forests and killing a huge number of animals including koalas and kangaroos. Greta Thunberg is leading a youth mouvement which tries to make the governments act more and more quickly. More ordinary citizens are getting invoved in climate action. I think that we could overcome our psychological barriers to climate action just like Greta is doing right now. It can be pretty difficult because some people do not care at all about the planet and act selfishly by caring only about themselves and not about the future generations. So I think that we should take the problem seriously and expose to the world what is happening. Then, we can change our mentality, that will help a lot. By changing our mentality, I also mean to change some bad habits we have. For example, we can reduce our meat consumption and eat only seasonal fruit and vegetables. We can also fight against the deforestation and preserve our oceans by buying environmentally friendly household products, use renewable energy and reduce our energy consumption. It is also really important to recycle everything we buy when possible (compost, selective sorting). Also, we shouldn’t use the car too much, we should promote cycling and public transport. I know that the plane is pretty useful but it is really bad for the environment. To conclude, people can make big changes by acting individually and that we can overcome our psychological barriers to climate action by changing our bad habits that destroy our planet.
Gabriel MOURRAT: For me, there are many ways to help people overcome their psychological barriers to climate change: Firstly, I think the government could give civilians a financial reward when they do something good for the environment, such as installing solar panels to heat up the water in their homes, when they plant a tree or when they sort their waste. I think if we want to convince people, the best thing to do is to pay them because most people only do something if there is a financial incentive! Secondly, I think if a terrible thing affects them directly, like a wildfire or a huge storm, people may then be more ready to take part in climate action. People are callous; no one cares about the climate crisis unless they have been on the receiving end... Thirdly, we must stop the misinformation about global warming and we must listen to the real professionals because the media and internet often tell us things that are unfounded. Some people even believe in conspiracy theories and put forward arguments which are erroneous. Fourthly, put a knife under people's throats so that they will take part in climate action (it's in their own interest after all)!
Jonathan BONIN: Yes, we can, because it’s just a matter of will. I understand that, for a lot of people, changing their habits is very difficult, but we have to think about the future generations and to ask ourselves how we want to leave the Earth for them. Some ask: why should I change if others don’t? That's the best attitude to adopt if we want global warming to gain momentum! Some people, who have become aware of the damage we cause to our environment, sort their waste, use renewable energy, etc… We need to follow their example! If we want to survive, we must make concerted efforts...
Malaurie WAHL: Many psychological barriers prevent citizens reacting to the climate crisis. But knowing about these psychological obstacles could motivate people to act together. But, why do people not react when they see waste everywhere? Why do people keep calm when the ice is melting before their eyes? Why do only a small number react to the horrible events that are happening? There are a lot a reasons why, other than psychological. Many people do not have the means, intellectual or economic, to act. Our life style and our way of thinking are not good, but it’s hard to to change our habits. Thinking about the climatic all the time is a bit of a chore. And, as others seem little concerned, we ourselves tend to take the problem lightly. People think that by doing little things for our planet such as sorting our waste or giving away our old clothes is useless because it would make a difference only if everybody adopts these virtuous actions. I think people need to fell guilty about their inaction and indifference regarding environmental problems. Indeed, many people say that it is not their fault if the planet is in danger. If the Amazon rainforest is burning, people will ignore the cause of the problem which is greed. Some people will say that if there is more CO2, it is not their problem. But it is, because it is their inaction that is the cause. So, to make people feel more reponsible, we need to open their eyes on the reality and make them understand that it is humans who have created the doomsday conditions. I think it is young people who will save the planet because we learn about the causes and consequences of climate change at school. It us up to us to find solutions.
Manon GUILLOT: Today, everybody knows that the stakes are very high as regards the climate crisis and, if we do nothing, the Earth will not be the same for the future generations. At our level, there are many things we can do that can make a difference in the long term. For example, we can eat organic food and use environment-friendly products; eat fruit and vegetables that come from next door to limit trucks journeys! For your cosmetics, there are a lot of shops which offer products which aren’t tested on animals, whose components are not bad for the planet or our health. For example, there are shampoos with no plastics or silicone which pollute the oceans. In your house, turn down the heating by 1°C and put on an extra jumper! That simple action can reduce your carbon footprint and you get to make savings. And, finally, daily, we can use public transport or electric vehicles. As everybody knows, public transport is more ecologically sound than using a car. All these things are a way to move towards a better world and to preserve a lot of animal species and a lot of plants. But, in fact, we can’t do what we want to do because the economic system doesn’t encourage us to change. For a lot of us, it’s very difficult to improve our consumer habits. For example, when we live in the countryside we have to use our car to go to school or the shops. There are no buses, and big cities are often far away for your home. We can see too that organic products are, in general, much more expensive than normal ones; this can discourage families who don’t have the money. Changing our diet needs money and time. And we have habits that we find hard to give up. Also, a recent study has shown that electric cars are not particularly eco-friendly (lithium batteries are very difficult to destroy). The price of an electric car is very high, even with the government subsidy and there aren't enough charging stations in France (plus it takes too long to charge). To conclude, we could do a lot of things which, in the long term, could make a difference. But, to encourage more people to change, more has to be done.
Maxime BOISMENU: I think it is not possible for individuals to overcome their psychological barriers to climate action. We do not understand climate change, we are too lazy, we are too preoccupied with our jobs, our studies, our kids, whatever... No, it is only if governments (or at least China and the United States, the world's biggest polluters) finally agree to act quickly that global warming will be controlled. Why do leaders not heed the warnings of the vast majority of climate scientists? There are more floods and droughts, more violent tsunamis and hurricanes, economies are collapsing, people are forced to flee their homes, etc. Our backs are against the wall, but Trump and the other world leaders continue as if there is no cause for panic or promise to do something in thirty years! If governments do not act, then individual citizens must do their utmost to reduce greenhouse gas, sort their waste and do what is at an individual level doable. Unfortunately, most people think that acting alone is useless or not their responsibility or too much effort. But, if everyone did something, the cumulative affect would be considerable. Maybe people are waiting for their lives to become totally insufferable before doing something to change the situation? Only then will governments perhaps do something too. But, I'm afraid, it will be too late...
Paula KAUFFELD: I think it is possible to overcome some of our psychological barriers but not all of them. We can overcome them for some things like recycling waste correctly or turning off the tap while we brush our teeth. These are little actions we can add to or change in our daily routine. But, if we are not direct victims of catastrophies (floods, drought, storms, icebergs melting, sea levels rising, etc.), climate change feels as if it does not concern us; we can ignore the crisis and its consequences. Why should we change our way of life? Our daily routine (which depends on a huge consumption of fossil fuel) is what we are used to and it brings us a sense of security. People do not like to be criticised, to be made to feel guilty, for something which is beyond their control. We find it stressful to be asked/told to adopt new habits; it makes us lose our bearings. We are in denial however if we think climate change has or will not have an impact on our lives... If we continue to bury our head in the sand, whatever comforts we are clinging on to will, sooner rather than later, disappear...
As a result of the industrial revolutions, technological advances and overpopulation, there is a lot of pollution everywhere. Why are we unable to tackle the climate problem which is becoming very serious? Psychologists say we let ourselves be overwhelmed by our emotions, that something at our unconscious level is acting as psychological barriers to climate action... What, if anything, can we do to overcome these barriers?
Climate action is basically a matter of adopting small-scale eco-friendly gestures, so why not just do them? Robert Gifford at ICAP 2010 addressed the subject by classifying 7 causes of why we have trouble “doing the right thing”:
First of all, there is the cognitions limit. There are several things at stake here: ignorance of the situation, uncertainty (is it really urgent?), over-optimism and temporal and spatial discounting, when people presume environmental problems are going to be worse in the future and in other parts of the planet.
The next barrier is other people. People routinely look to others’ behaviour in choosing their own actions, we have a tendency to compare ourselves, and to alter our behaviour to fit the norm. And that’s a problem if we have to take it upon ourselves to act!
The third “dragon” Robert described is perceived risks. People are usually risk-averse and when a person takes a risk then they feel threatened, they feel judged or different which is so frowned upon by society.
The next type of psychological barrier is sunk costs. These are the prior investments we have made. And this barrier is related to that of ideology, i.e. the idea we have of our lives, the particular way we think about the world, which can limit our preparation to adopt pro-environmental behaviours.
The sixth barrier is discredit. Here he includes things like denial, mistrust and reactance (an emotional reaction to pressure or persuasion that results in the strengthening or adoption of a contrary belief: “you can’t make me do it!”).
The last but not least is limited behaviour: the idea that we limit the effectiveness of our behaviour in a variety of ways. We may choose less effective pro-environmental actions because they are easier or cheaper to change, or more visible.
These barriers are so numerous that they seem insurmountable. Nevertheless, there seems to be a solution for each of them.
First of all, Professor Gifford says that it is possible to make people aware of everything that is happening in the world, for example about the fact that what happens in India can have an influence on our own society. And so, ignorance will be diminished. This also avoids discredence (disbelief, distrust). We can have a positive impact on other people if we know we are doing “the right thing” for them. The more we see being “green” as “normal”, the more we want to be “green”, too. This encourages us to see pro-environmental behaviour as normal and desirable.
When it comes to risk issues, we can “easily” reassure people by emphasising how the risks they deem important can be minimised.
Unrecoverable costs can be limited by doing an audio conference instead of flying.
Our beliefs in particular ideologies like superhuman powers like Mother Nature or God, may convince us that we are protected from ultimate climate disaster, thus minimising the need to change our own behaviour. They won’t protect us, but people cling to these beliefs nonetheless. So the Professor is certainly not saying that we should no longer believe in God, but at least that we should make the difference between the powers of a divine power and the inevitable environmental problems.
He knows that this is not easy, but by overcoming these barriers, we should no longer have limited behavior but advanced/intellectual behavior.
Charlotte DUPUY:
ReplyDeleteThe coronavirus pandemic is one more excuse to keep our heads firmly buried in the sand over the climate crisis... We need to realize that if the planet is dangerously warming up, it's mostly due to us!
Teenagers do not want the world to fall apart; we've only just got here! But, like our parents, we lack reasoning and we stay passive; what's the point of going to school if there is no future?! Of course, common sense dictates that we need to learn in order to be able to understand the situation better and so be able to find real solutions to the climate crisis. Apparently, we lack common sense (normal for youth, less so for adults, surely?).
Scientists give us a frank and concrete insight into reality; they want to make us react; but, who understands scientists? We tend to listen more to the media; but, they tend to confuse us, even scare us, right? And governments, unable to cope with the scale of the problem, keep putting things off; do you trust our leaders? It is not surprising we continue to be confused, worried and having to rely on ourselves. In this context, we would have to go through something devastating, that would affect us personally and that would have a deplorable impact on our lives, to, perhaps, make us react.
We stay stuck in the rut of our daily routine, however damaging to our environment and wellbeing that may be, because it gives us a sense of (false!) security; we tend to believe that disaster only strikes others! No, our psychological barriers to climate action will fall only when we have a knife under our throats; but by then, it will be too late...
Emile VOISSIER:
ReplyDeleteI think most people are unable to change their habits, even for “climate action” (which means choosing to do things like driving electric rather than diesel cars). Humans are all a bit selfish and we do not like to change our way of life, and many are convinced that change is not effective if only a few people change. Also, not everyone can afford to do so (an electric car is expensive, so is organic food).
It might be possible to overcome our psychological barriers if we have a good leader who thinks about ecology and inspires trust; we would then feel that change is legitimate and we would be encouraged to adopt habits that are good for us and our environment. We like things that are easy to understand, so we need simple rules in order to help us overcome our psychological barriers; we do not like to do things that we have not done before or that we are not sure about.
To conclude, I think that for the while it is impossible to be committed to climate change because we lack community spirit. I hope that one day, our mentality will change. However, it will change only if there are more and more people who get involved in climate action... Perhaps we, young people, should lead by example?
Emma FERTIN:
ReplyDeleteWhat and who is causing the climate change? What can we do to make people react and act to make it stop? Is it possible to overcome our psychological barriers to climate action?
Back in the 19th century, men started massively exploiting the natural resources to become rich. They did not consider the future generations. Today we have to face the consequences of their greed. We are overexploiting the resources of the planet. Pollution from industry, transport, agriculture, is causing pollution and global warming. Soon, there will be no more petrol and we will be without electricity (except those who have access to renewable energy).
The people who have so far been relatively spared the consequences of the climate crisis are not reacting because they don’t realize or care about what is really happening on Earth. The ice cap is melting because the temperatures are rising and so the Inuit are forced to move and soon, all the polar bears will become extinct. In Australia, the bushfires have been ravaging entire forests and killing a huge number of animals including koalas and kangaroos.
Greta Thunberg is leading a youth mouvement which tries to make the governments act more and more quickly. More ordinary citizens are getting invoved in climate action.
I think that we could overcome our psychological barriers to climate action just like Greta is doing right now. It can be pretty difficult because some people do not care at all about the planet and act selfishly by caring only about themselves and not about the future generations. So I think that we should take the problem seriously and expose to the world what is happening. Then, we can change our mentality, that will help a lot. By changing our mentality, I also mean to change some bad habits we have. For example, we can reduce our meat consumption and eat only seasonal fruit and vegetables. We can also fight against the deforestation and preserve our oceans by buying environmentally friendly household products, use renewable energy and reduce our energy consumption. It is also really important to recycle everything we buy when possible (compost, selective sorting). Also, we shouldn’t use the car too much, we should promote cycling and public transport. I know that the plane is pretty useful but it is really bad for the environment.
To conclude, people can make big changes by acting individually and that we can overcome our psychological barriers to climate action by changing our bad habits that destroy our planet.
Gabriel MOURRAT:
ReplyDeleteFor me, there are many ways to help people overcome their psychological barriers to climate change:
Firstly, I think the government could give civilians a financial reward when they do something good for the environment, such as installing solar panels to heat up the water in their homes, when they plant a tree or when they sort their waste. I think if we want to convince people, the best thing to do is to pay them because most people only do something if there is a financial incentive!
Secondly, I think if a terrible thing affects them directly, like a wildfire or a huge storm, people may then be more ready to take part in climate action. People are callous; no one cares about the climate crisis unless they have been on the receiving end...
Thirdly, we must stop the misinformation about global warming and we must listen to the real professionals because the media and internet often tell us things that are unfounded. Some people even believe in conspiracy theories and put forward arguments which are erroneous.
Fourthly, put a knife under people's throats so that they will take part in climate action (it's in their own interest after all)!
Jonathan BONIN:
ReplyDeleteYes, we can, because it’s just a matter of will. I understand that, for a lot of people, changing their habits is very difficult, but we have to think about the future generations and to ask ourselves how we want to leave the Earth for them.
Some ask: why should I change if others don’t? That's the best attitude to adopt if we want global warming to gain momentum!
Some people, who have become aware of the damage we cause to our environment, sort their waste, use renewable energy, etc… We need to follow their example!
If we want to survive, we must make concerted efforts...
Malaurie WAHL:
ReplyDeleteMany psychological barriers prevent citizens reacting to the climate crisis. But knowing about these psychological obstacles could motivate people to act together.
But, why do people not react when they see waste everywhere? Why do people keep calm when the ice is melting before their eyes? Why do only a small number react to the horrible events that are happening? There are a lot a reasons why, other than psychological.
Many people do not have the means, intellectual or economic, to act. Our life style and our way of thinking are not good, but it’s hard to to change our habits. Thinking about the climatic all the time is a bit of a chore. And, as others seem little concerned, we ourselves tend to take the problem lightly.
People think that by doing little things for our planet such as sorting our waste or giving away our old clothes is useless because it would make a difference only if everybody adopts these virtuous actions.
I think people need to fell guilty about their inaction and indifference regarding environmental problems. Indeed, many people say that it is not their fault if the planet is in danger. If the Amazon rainforest is burning, people will ignore the cause of the problem which is greed. Some people will say that if there is more CO2, it is not their problem. But it is, because it is their inaction that is the cause. So, to make people feel more reponsible, we need to open their eyes on the reality and make them understand that it is humans who have created the doomsday conditions.
I think it is young people who will save the planet because we learn about the causes and consequences of climate change at school. It us up to us to find solutions.
Manon GUILLOT:
ReplyDeleteToday, everybody knows that the stakes are very high as regards the climate crisis and, if we do nothing, the Earth will not be the same for the future generations.
At our level, there are many things we can do that can make a difference in the long term. For example, we can eat organic food and use environment-friendly products; eat fruit and vegetables that come from next door to limit trucks journeys! For your cosmetics, there are a lot of shops which offer products which aren’t tested on animals, whose components are not bad for the planet or our health. For example, there are shampoos with no plastics or silicone which pollute the oceans. In your house, turn down the heating by 1°C and put on an extra jumper! That simple action can reduce your carbon footprint and you get to make savings. And, finally, daily, we can use public transport or electric vehicles. As everybody knows, public transport is more ecologically sound than using a car. All these things are a way to move towards a better world and to preserve a lot of animal species and a lot of plants.
But, in fact, we can’t do what we want to do because the economic system doesn’t encourage us to change. For a lot of us, it’s very difficult to improve our consumer habits. For example, when we live in the countryside we have to use our car to go to school or the shops. There are no buses, and big cities are often far away for your home. We can see too that organic products are, in general, much more expensive than normal ones; this can discourage families who don’t have the money. Changing our diet needs money and time. And we have habits that we find hard to give up. Also, a recent study has shown that electric cars are not particularly eco-friendly (lithium batteries are very difficult to destroy). The price of an electric car is very high, even with the government subsidy and there aren't enough charging stations in France (plus it takes too long to charge).
To conclude, we could do a lot of things which, in the long term, could make a difference. But, to encourage more people to change, more has to be done.
Maxime BOISMENU:
ReplyDeleteI think it is not possible for individuals to overcome their psychological barriers to climate action. We do not understand climate change, we are too lazy, we are too preoccupied with our jobs, our studies, our kids, whatever... No, it is only if governments (or at least China and the United States, the world's biggest polluters) finally agree to act quickly that global warming will be controlled.
Why do leaders not heed the warnings of the vast majority of climate scientists? There are more floods and droughts, more violent tsunamis and hurricanes, economies are collapsing, people are forced to flee their homes, etc. Our backs are against the wall, but Trump and the other world leaders continue as if there is no cause for panic or promise to do something in thirty years!
If governments do not act, then individual citizens must do their utmost to reduce greenhouse gas, sort their waste and do what is at an individual level doable. Unfortunately, most people think that acting alone is useless or not their responsibility or too much effort. But, if everyone did something, the cumulative affect would be considerable. Maybe people are waiting for their lives to become totally insufferable before doing something to change the situation? Only then will governments perhaps do something too. But, I'm afraid, it will be too late...
Paula KAUFFELD:
ReplyDeleteI think it is possible to overcome some of our psychological barriers but not all of them. We can overcome them for some things like recycling waste correctly or turning off the tap while we brush our teeth. These are little actions we can add to or change in our daily routine.
But, if we are not direct victims of catastrophies (floods, drought, storms, icebergs melting, sea levels rising, etc.), climate change feels as if it does not concern us; we can ignore the crisis and its consequences.
Why should we change our way of life? Our daily routine (which depends on a huge consumption of fossil fuel) is what we are used to and it brings us a sense of security.
People do not like to be criticised, to be made to feel guilty, for something which is beyond their control. We find it stressful to be asked/told to adopt new habits; it makes us lose our bearings.
We are in denial however if we think climate change has or will not have an impact on our lives... If we continue to bury our head in the sand, whatever comforts we are clinging on to will, sooner rather than later, disappear...
Hélèna writes:
ReplyDeleteAs a result of the industrial revolutions, technological advances and overpopulation, there is a lot of pollution everywhere. Why are we unable to tackle the climate problem which is becoming very serious? Psychologists say we let ourselves be overwhelmed by our emotions, that something at our unconscious level is acting as psychological barriers to climate action... What, if anything, can we do to overcome these barriers?
Climate action is basically a matter of adopting small-scale eco-friendly gestures, so why not just do them? Robert Gifford at ICAP 2010 addressed the subject by classifying 7 causes of why we have trouble “doing the right thing”:
First of all, there is the cognitions limit. There are several things at stake here: ignorance of the situation, uncertainty (is it really urgent?), over-optimism and temporal and spatial discounting, when people presume environmental problems are going to be worse in the future and in other parts of the planet.
The next barrier is other people. People routinely look to others’ behaviour in choosing their own actions, we have a tendency to compare ourselves, and to alter our behaviour to fit the norm. And that’s a problem if we have to take it upon ourselves to act!
The third “dragon” Robert described is perceived risks. People are usually risk-averse and when a person takes a risk then they feel threatened, they feel judged or different which is so frowned upon by society.
The next type of psychological barrier is sunk costs. These are the prior investments we have made. And this barrier is related to that of ideology, i.e. the idea we have of our lives, the particular way we think about the world, which can limit our preparation to adopt pro-environmental behaviours.
The sixth barrier is discredit. Here he includes things like denial, mistrust and reactance (an emotional reaction to pressure or persuasion that results in the strengthening or adoption of a contrary belief: “you can’t make me do it!”).
The last but not least is limited behaviour: the idea that we limit the effectiveness of our behaviour in a variety of ways. We may choose less effective pro-environmental actions because they are easier or cheaper to change, or more visible.
These barriers are so numerous that they seem insurmountable. Nevertheless, there seems to be a solution for each of them.
First of all, Professor Gifford says that it is possible to make people aware of everything that is happening in the world, for example about the fact that what happens in India can have an influence on our own society. And so, ignorance will be diminished. This also avoids discredence (disbelief, distrust). We can have a positive impact on other people if we know we are doing “the right thing” for them. The more we see being “green” as “normal”, the more we want to be “green”, too. This encourages us to see pro-environmental behaviour as normal and desirable.
When it comes to risk issues, we can “easily” reassure people by emphasising how the risks they deem important can be minimised.
Unrecoverable costs can be limited by doing an audio conference instead of flying.
Our beliefs in particular ideologies like superhuman powers like Mother Nature or God, may convince us that we are protected from ultimate climate disaster, thus minimising the need to change our own behaviour. They won’t protect us, but people cling to these beliefs nonetheless. So the Professor is certainly not saying that we should no longer believe in God, but at least that we should make the difference between the powers of a divine power and the inevitable environmental problems.
He knows that this is not easy, but by overcoming these barriers, we should no longer have limited behavior but advanced/intellectual behavior.